## Introduction **[Git](https://git-scm.com)** is a free and open-source version control system for tracking changes in computer files and coordinating work on those files among multiple people. Open-source projects maintain their files in a Git repository hosted on a cloud-based service like GitHub or Bitbucket. Pull requests are a feature that makes it easier for developers to collaborate using GitHub. This blog post will guide you through making a pull request to a Git repository through the command line so that you can contribute to open-source software projects. ## Prerequisites You should have Git installed on your computer. To check if you have Git installe, open your terminal and run the following command. ```bash git --version ``` You will also need to have or create a GitHub account. You can do so through the official **[GitHub](https://github.com)** website and can either log in or create your account. Finally, you should identify an open-source project to contribute. ## Create a Copy of the Repository To contribute to an open-source GitHub project, you will first need to make a copy of the repository. To do this, you should fork the repository and then clone it to have a local working copy. You can use my **[demo repo](https://github.com/dayon3/demo)** to follow along. ### Fork the Repository You can fork a repository on GitHub by navigating the browser to the GitHub URL of the open-source project you would like to contribute. {`Forking

Once there, click on the Fork button in the top-right corner. That creates a new copy of my demo repository under your GitHub user account with a URL like: `https://github.com//demo` ### Clone the Repository Once the repository is in your account, clone it to your machine to work with it locally. To clone, click the **Clone or download** button and copy the web URL. {`Cloning

Next, clone the repository by opening the terminal window on your computer and running the following command: ```bash git clone https://github.com//.git ``` {`Cloning

Now that we have a local copy of the code, we first need to navigate to that local folder by running this command: ```bash cd [DIRECTORY] ``` {`Navigate

Now we can move on to creating a new branch. ## Creating a New Branch It is considered best practice to branch the repository to manage the workflow, isolate your code, and control what features make it back to the `master` branch of the project repository. Now, we’ll create and switch to a new branch, with the following command and `-b` flag: ```bash git checkout -b [BRANCH NAME] ``` {`Create

At this point, you can now modify existing files or add new files to the project on your branch. ## Make Changes Locally and Commit Once you have modified existing files or added new files to the project, you can add them to your local repository, which we can do using the `git add` command. ```bash git add . ``` {`Adding

Next, we want to record the changes that we made to the repository using the `git commit` command with the `-m` flag and a short message in quotes. ```bash git commit -m "A short description of the changes made." ``` If you want to include a more detailed commit message, we will run the `git commit` command that opens the default text editor. If you would like to configure your default text editor, do so using the `git config` command. Nano: ```bash git config --global core.editor "nano" ``` Or Vim: ```bash git config --global core.editor "vim" ``` Depending on the default text editor you're using, running the `git commit` command should display a document ready for you to edit. ```bash git commit ``` {`Adding

Once you have saved and exited the commit message text file, you can verify what git will be committing with the following command: ```bash git status ``` {`Git

### Pushing the changes to GitHub We first need to identify the remote's name. ```bash git remote ``` {`Getting

At this point, you can use the `git push` command to push the changes to the current branch of your forked repository: ```bash git push origin [BRANCH NAME] ``` {`Push

You can now navigate the forked repository on your GitHub account and toggle to the branch you just pushed to see the changes you have made in-browser. {`See

At this point, it is possible to make a pull request to the original repository, but if you have not already done so, you’ll want to make sure that your local repository is up-to-date with the upstream repository. ## Updating the Local Repository It is important to keep your local repository up-to-date with the project to avoid a pull request that will cause conflicts. You need to sync changes to keep your local copy of the codebase updated. ### Configure a Remote for the Fork **Remote repositories** make it possible for you to collaborate with other developers on a Git project. Each remote repository is a version of the project hosted on the Internet. Each remote repository should be accessible to you as read-only or read-write, depending on your user privileges. To sync changes, make a fork from the original repository you want to contribute to, and configure a remote that references the upstream repository. You should set up the remote to the upstream repository only once. We first check which remote servers you have configured. Running the `git remote` command will list whatever remote repository you have already specified, so if you cloned your repository as we did above, you at least see the origin repository, which is the default name given by Git for the cloned directory. From the directory of the repository in our terminal window, let’s use the `git remote` command along with the `-v` flag to display the URLs that Git has stored along with the relevant remote short names (as in “origin”): ```bash git remote -v ``` Since we cloned a repository, our output should look similar to this: ```bash Output origin https://github.com/your-username/demo.git (fetch) origin https://github.com/your-username/demo.git (push) ``` Next, we’ll specify a new remote upstream repository for us to sync with the fork. That will be the original repository that we forked. We’ll do this with the `git remote add` command. ```bash git remote add upstream https://github.com/original-owner-username/original-repository.git ``` We can verify that our remote pointer to the upstream repository was properly added by using the `git remote -v` command again from the repository directory: ```bash Output origin https://github.com/your-username/forked-repository.git (fetch) origin https://github.com/your-username/forked-repository.git (push) upstream https://github.com/original-owner-username/original-repository.git (fetch) upstream https://github.com/original-owner-username/original-repository.git (push) ``` Now you can refer to `upstream` on the command line instead of writing the entire URL, and you are ready to sync your fork with the original repository. ### Sync the Fork To sync our fork, from the directory of our local repository in a terminal window, we’ll use the `git fetch` command to fetch the branches along with their respective commits from the upstream repository. Since we used the shortname “upstream” to refer to the upstream repository, we’ll pass that to the command: ```bash git fetch upstream ``` Now, commits to the master branch will be stored in a local branch called upstream/master. Let’s switch to the local master branch of our repository: ```bash git checkout master ``` We’ll now merge any changes made in the original repository’s master branch that we will access through our local upstream/master branch with our local master branch: ```bash git merge upstream/master ``` The output here will vary, but it will begin with `Updating` if changes have been made, or `Already up-to-date`. if no changes have been made since you forked the repository. Your fork’s master branch is now in sync with the upstream repository, and any local changes you made were not lost. ## Create Pull Request At this point, you are ready to make a pull request to the original repository. You should navigate to your forked repository and press the “New pull request” button on your left-hand side of the page. {`Creating

You can modify the branch on the next screen. GitHub will alert you that you can merge the two branches because there is no competing code. You should add a title, comment, and press the “Create pull request” button. {`Creating

At this point, the maintainers of the original repository will decide whether or not to accept your pull request. They may ask for you to edit or revise your code before merging the pull request. ## Conclusion Congratulations, you have successfully sent a pull request to an open-source software repository. You now have all of the tools you need to start integrating pull requests into your existing workflow. If you are interested in learning more about Git and collaborating on open source, you can read DigitalOcean's tutorial series entitled **[An Introduction to Open Source](https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorial_series/an-introduction-to-open-source)**.

#git

How to Create a Pull Request on GitHub